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A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function of something before it is built.
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vocabulary list
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell membrane | A cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell. |
| nucleus | The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA). |
| mitochondria | Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through respiration. |
| cytoplasm | Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance within cells that contains organelles, proteins, and other molecules necessary for cellular function. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells involved in protein synthesis and transport. |
| ribosomes | Ribosomes are cell organelles responsible for protein synthesis, translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins within cells. |
| lysosomes | Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris in eukaryotic cells. |
| Genetics | Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms. |
| DNA | DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information and serves as the hereditary material in all organisms. |
| RNA | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a nucleic acid molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and gene regulation. |
| Chromosome | A chromosome is a thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. |
| Gene | A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that contains the instructions for creating a particular protein or RNA molecule. |
| Mutation | A mutation in genetics refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can alter the function of a gene. |
| Genotype | Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, including the specific combination of alleles present in its DNA. |
| Phenotype | The observable physical traits and characteristics of an organism determined by its genetic makeup are referred to as phenotype. |
| Heredity | Heredity in genetics refers to the passing on of traits from parents to offspring through genetic information in DNA. |
| transcription | Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase enzyme in molecular biology. |
| translation | Translation is the process in molecular biology where the genetic information stored in mRNA is used to build proteins. |
| gene expression | Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product. |
| replication | Replication is the process in molecular biology where DNA is copied to produce an identical strand, essential for cell division. |
| mutation | A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the structure and function of proteins. |
| protein synthesis | Protein synthesis is the process by which cells build proteins using instructions encoded in DNA, involving transcription and translation. |
| Evolution | Evolution is the process by which species change over time through genetic variation, natural selection, and adaptation to their environment. |
| Natural selection | Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
| Adaptation | Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms change over time to better suit their environment and increase their chances of survival. |
| Genetic variation | Genetic variation refers to differences in the DNA sequences among individuals within a population, which can lead to evolutionary change. |
| Speciation | Speciation is the process by which new species evolve from existing ones, often due to reproductive isolation and genetic divergence. |
| Mutation | Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to genetic variation and evolution. |
| Fitness | Fitness in evolutionary biology refers to an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment, contributing to genetic success. |
| Gene flow | Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another through migration or interbreeding, increasing genetic diversity. |
| antibody | Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that specifically target and neutralize foreign substances such as pathogens. |
| antigen | An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response in the body, usually by binding to antibodies. |
| immune system | The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. |
| vaccination | Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against a specific disease. |
| pathogen | A pathogen is a microorganism, such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus, that causes disease in its host organism. |
| immunity | Immunity refers to the ability of an organism to resist or fend off infections and diseases through the immune system. |
| lymphocyte | Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's defense against pathogens. |
| inflammation | Inflammation is a protective response by the immune system to tissue damage, infection, or irritants, involving redness, swelling, and pain. |
| Microorganism | Microorganisms are tiny living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, that are invisible to the naked eye. |
| Pathogen | A pathogen is a microorganism, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, that causes disease in its host. |
| Antibiotic | Antibiotics are drugs that inhibit the growth or kill bacteria by targeting specific cellular processes, commonly used for treating infections. |
| Culture | Culture in microbiology refers to the process of growing microorganisms in a controlled environment, typically in a petri dish. |
| Sterilization | Sterilization in microbiology refers to the process of killing or removing all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. |
| Immunity | Immunity in microbiology refers to the ability of an organism to resist infection or disease caused by pathogens. |
| Virulence | Virulence refers to the ability of a microorganism to cause disease or harm to its host in microbiology. |
| Conjugation | Conjugation in microbiology refers to the process in which bacteria transfer genetic material to another bacterium through direct cell-to-cell contact. |
| Physiology | Physiology is the study of how living organisms function, including the processes and functions of their cells, tissues, and organs. |
| Homeostasis | Homeostasis is the body's ability to regulate and maintain stable internal conditions, such as temperature and pH, despite external changes. |
| Metabolism | Metabolism is the process by which the body converts food and drink into energy, used for various bodily functions. |
| Hormones | Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various physiological functions in the body. |
| Neurons | Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body, allowing for communication between the brain and other body parts. |
| Respiration | Respiration is the process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. |
| Digestion | Digestion refers to the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. |