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vocabulary list
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms. |
| RNA | RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule essential for various cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, gene regulation, and cell signaling. |
| gene | A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a functional product, such as a protein. |
| mutation | A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or protein production. |
| chromosome | A chromosome is a thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. It carries genetic information. |
| genetic code | Genetic code refers to the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. |
| nucleotide | A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| protein | Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of amino acids that perform various functions in the body, including structural and enzymatic roles. |
| Population genetics | Population genetics is the study of genetic variation and evolutionary processes within populations, focusing on how genes are distributed and change over time. |
| gene flow | Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material between populations, leading to genetic mixing and influencing the overall genetic diversity. |
| genetic drift | Genetic drift is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies within a population, leading to changes in genetic diversity over time. |
| allele frequency | Allele frequency refers to the proportion of a specific allele in a population, calculated as the number of that allele divided by the total number of alleles. |
| genetic variation | Genetic variation refers to the diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population, contributing to evolution and adaptation. |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations in the absence of evolutionary forces. |
| evolutionary forces | Evolutionary forces refer to the processes, such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, that drive changes in populations over time. |
| Genotype | Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, including the specific combination of alleles present in their DNA. |
| Phenotype | The physical characteristics or traits of an organism that result from the interaction between its genetic makeup and the environment. |
| Mutation | A mutation in Medical Genetics refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic disorders. |
| Inheritance | Inheritance in medical genetics refers to the passing of genetic traits or conditions from parents to offspring through DNA. |
| Genetic testing | Genetic testing is a medical test that looks for changes or variations in an individual's genes, chromosomes, or proteins. |
| Chromosomes | Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information. |
| Gene therapy | Gene therapy is a medical procedure that involves modifying a person's genes to treat or prevent disease. |
| Pedigree | Pedigree in medical genetics refers to a diagram showing the genetic relationships among individuals in a family over generations. |
| Evolution | Evolution in evolutionary genetics refers to the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations due to natural selection. |
| Genetics | Genetics in Evolutionary Genetics refers to the study of how genetic variation and inheritance mechanisms contribute to evolutionary processes. |
| Natural Selection | Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully. |
| Mutation | Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can result in new genetic variations in populations. |
| Adaptation | Adaptation in evolutionary genetics refers to the process by which a population evolves traits that enhance survival and reproduction. |
| Population Genetics | Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations and how evolutionary forces such as natural selection and genetic drift shape this variation. |
| Gene Flow | Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material between populations, which can lead to increased genetic diversity and reduced genetic differentiation. |
| Phylogenetics | Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, typically using genetic data to construct evolutionary trees or phylogenies. |
| Genotype | Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, including specific genes and alleles that influence behavioral traits and tendencies. |
| Phenotype | Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. |
| Heritability | Heritability refers to the extent to which individual differences in behavior can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. |
| Polygenic | Polygenic refers to traits influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect, in the field of behavioral genetics. |
| Behavioral traits | Behavioral traits in the context of Behavioral Genetics refer to observable characteristics influenced by genetic factors and environmental interactions. |
| Gene-environment interactions | Gene-environment interactions refer to the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors in shaping an individual's behavior and traits. |
| Twin studies | Twin studies in Behavioral Genetics involve comparing the similarities and differences in traits between identical and fraternal twins. |
| Epigenetics | Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression caused by environmental factors, rather than alterations to the genetic code. |
| DNA methylation | DNA methylation is an epigenetic process where methyl groups are added to DNA molecules, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. |
| Histone modification | Histone modification refers to chemical alterations made to histone proteins that can affect gene expression and chromatin structure. |
| Gene expression | Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional product. |
| Epigenome | The epigenome refers to the complete set of chemical compounds that modify the DNA and regulate gene expression. |
| Chromatin remodeling | Chromatin remodeling refers to the dynamic alteration of the structure of chromatin that allows or restricts access to DNA for transcription. |
| Epigenetic inheritance | Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of changes in gene expression patterns across generations without alterations in the DNA sequence. |